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Moisture in wood structures

Fiber saturation, shrinkage, vapour barrier and SBi 224

2026-06-16·9 min reading

Fiber saturation point ~28 % MC, tangential shrinkage 2.5–3.0 mm/m per % MC, vapour barrier placement and moisture technical requirements in BR18 and SBi-instruction 224.

Introduction

Moisture is the most important cause of wear, shape changes and fungal attacks in wood structures. Understanding what happens to wood when its moisture content changes is the basis for choosing the right materials, building right and avoiding errors that can cost renovation.

Moisture content and fiber saturation point

Fugtindholdet i træ (MC — moisture content) er defineret som forholdet mellem vandets masse og den tørre masse: u = (m_vand / m_tør) · 100 %. Fibermætningspunktet (FSP) er ca. 28 % MC — det punkt, hvor cellehulederne er tomme men cellevæggene er fuldt mættet. Under FSP svinder og udvider træet sig; over FSP sker kun sorptionsæn­dringer i hulederne uden dimensionsændring.

ParameterValueNote
Fiber saturation point (FSP)~28 % MCLimit for shrinkage/expansion
Fungal Risk> 18–20 % MCThrives over this threshold
Delivery moisture, construction timber12 % ± 3 %Typical DK delivery target
EMC outdoors DK, summer~16–17 % MCLowest equilibrium moisture
EMC outdoors DK, winter~23 % MCHighest equilibrium moisture
EMC indoors heated~8 % ± 2 % MCFurniture dry climate

Source: trae.dk – Humidity and wood.

Waste

Shrinkage only occurs during FSP and is different in the three directions. It is by far greatest tangentially (perpendicular to growth rings) and slightly less radially (along growth rings). Axially (along the grain) it is negligible.

radialtangentialtangentielt ≈ 2 × radialt
Fig. Shrinkage is directionally dependent: greatest tangentially (perpendicular to growth rings), about half radially, and almost zero axially along the grain

Praktisk eksempel: et 145 mm bredt fyr-stolpetræ i tangentiel retning, der tørrer fra 18 % (AK2 driftsvilkår) til 12 % (leveringsfugt) — en ΔMC på 6 %: svind = 145 · 2,75 · 6 / 1000 ≈ 2,4 mm. I et bjælkelag kan det bemærkes som fuger i et gulv.

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